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References
CSIRO 2021, Marine pollution: sources, distribution and fate.
NSW Environment Protection Authority 2020.
Government of Western Australia, Department of Water and Environmental Regulation 2021, Stormwater.
Australian Government 2020, Stormwater.
Australian Government 2020, Stormwater.
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WWF 2021, How does plastic end up in the ocean?
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WWF 2021. The Lifecycle of Plastic.
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Chamas A, Moon H, Zheng J, et al 2020. Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8 (9), 3494-3511.
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National Ocean Service 2021, What are microplastics?
Simke A 2020, There is plastic in your fish, Forbes.
Senate Standing Committees on Environment and Communications 1997, Inquiry into Marine and Coastal Pollution, Chapter 3, Parliament of Australia.
National Ocean Service 2021, What is the biggest source of pollution in the ocean?
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Hickok K 2018, Here's how your water bottle could start a fire, Live Science.
UN News 2017, ‘Turn the tide on plastic’ urges UN, as microplastics in the seas now outnumber stars in our galaxy.
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NSW Environment Protection Authority, 2020-21 Key Littered Items Study
Root, T, 2019, Cigarette butts are toxic plastic pollution. Should they be banned? National Geographic.
NSW Environment Protection Authority 2019, Reducing coffee cups.
Chamas A, Moon H, Zheng J, et al 2020, Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment, ACS Sustainable Chem, pp. 3494–3511.
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WWF 2021. Don’t let nature go to waste.
Mishra S et al 2019. Heavy Metal Contamination: An Alarming Threat to Environment and Human Health. Environmental Biotechnology: For Sustainable Future. Springer.
Based on an average number of nappies a baby uses a year.
Hiemstra A, Rambonnet L, Gravendeel B et al 2021. The effects of COVID-19 litter on animal life.Brill.
Allan, P 2019. Assessment of Australian recycling infrastructure - Glass packaging. Department of the Environment and Energy.
Frazer N 1986, Survival from Egg to Adulthood in a Declining Population of Loggerhead Turtles, Caretta caretta. Herpetologica 42(1), pp. 47-55.
Wilcox C, Puckridge M, Schuyler QA et al 2018, A quantitative analysis linking sea turtle mortality and plastic debris ingestion, Scientific Reports, 12536.
Transport for NSW 2021, Animals on country roads.
Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2016, The new plastics economy: Rethinking the future of plastics.(PDF)
Kroon F, Berry K, Brinkman D, et al, 2015, Identification, Impacts, and Prioritisation of Emerging Contaminants Present in the GBR and Torres Strait Marine Environments, Report to the National Environmental Science Programme, Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Limited, Cairns.
Falconer R 2020, Australia's Great Barrier Reef has lost half its corals in 25 years (since 1995), AXIOS.
RMIT University 2021, The litter trackers: Reducing littering by education.
Stokstad E 2018, Is plastic trash making coral reefs sick? Science.
Joyce C 2018, Plastic pollution is killing coral reefs, 4-year study finds, NPR.
Stokstad E 2018, Is plastic trash making coral reefs sick? Science.
Cox DC, Covernton GA, Davies HL, Dower JF, Juanes F, Dudas SE 2019, Human consumption of microplastics, Environmental Science & Technology 53 (12), 7068-7074.
Campbell ML, Slavin C, Grage A, Kinslow A 2016, Human health impacts from litter on beaches and associated perceptions: A case study of ‘clean’ Tasmanian beaches, Ocean & Coastal Management, Volume 126, pp.22-30.
Soft plastics recycling is offered in participating supermarkets.
Gaylardea C, Neto J, da Fonseca E 2021. Paint fragments as polluting microplastics: A brief review, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 162, 111847, ISSN 0025-326X.
Downes J, 2018. The next step in the war on plastic. UTS news
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Based on the number of nurdles it takes to make one bottle.
Chilli Go Green 2019. 7 Interesting Facts about Eco-friendly Reusable Coffee Cups.
NSW Environment Protection Authority 2019. Identifying effective strategies to reduce cigarette butt litter
.
Keep Australia Beautiful WA 2021. Litter - How long goes it take to breakdown?
Spark, H. 2018. Plastic straw bans won't solve the pollution crisis, but it’s a start. 1 million women.
NSW Environment Protection Authority 2020.
Perkins D, Drisse M, Nxele T et al 2014. E-Waste: A Global Hazard. Annals of Global Health, 80(4), pp.286–295.
Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F et al 2018, Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic, Scientific Reports 8, 4666.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics 2020. Waste Account, Australia, Experimental Estimates: Waste generation, management and economic response by industry and household in alignment with System of Environmental-Economic Accounts (SEEA) 2018-19.
Calculation based on personal consumption.
NSW Environment Protection Authority 2020.
van Schalkwyk M, Novotny T, McKee M 2019. No more butts. BMJ, [online] Volume 20(1).
Tunnell J 2019. How many nurdles does it take? Mission Aransas, National Estuarine Research Reserve
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Chamas A, Moon H, Zheng J, Qiu Y, Tabassum T, Jang JH, Abu-Omar M, et al 2020, Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment, ACS Sustainable Chem, pp. 3494–3511.
Zhang SF, Zhang LL, Luo K et al 2014. Separation properties of aluminium–plastic laminates in post-consumer Tetra Pak with mixed organic solvent. Waste Management & Research. Volume 32(4) p. 317-322.
Fire and rescue NSW 2021, Can cigarette butts start bushfires?
Regulating Impact Statement for the Container Deposit Scheme, completed by Tony Wright, Wright Strategy Consultants, 2013 - based on pro rata calculation of the National Litter Index data
Marketing Intelligence, Don't be a Tosser Phase 9 Post Campaign Evaluation, 2022.
Dalberg Advisors - Wijnand de Wit and Nathan Bigaud, No Plastic in Nature: Assessing Plastic Ingestion from Nature to People; Prepared by Dalberg, based on a study commissioned by WWF and carried out by The University of Newcastle, Australia
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